Alternative Biomass Production Study for Resilient Economic Agricultural Practices in Morris, Minnesota The Tillage Study was established in 1997 to assess the effect of a variety of tillage intensities on soil C. The initial eight treatments included no-tillage, moldboard + disk tillage, chisel tillage, and fall and spring residue management, with or without strip-tillage and strip-tillage + subsoiling (Archer and Reicosky, 2009). In 2004, treatments were reduced to no-tillage, moldboard tillage, and fall and spring residue management without strip-tillage, but all had an early or late planting date. The last comprehensive set of soil samples were collected in 2006. In 2008, the strip-tilled subset of the Tillage Study plots were repurposed for the Alternative Biomass Production Systems study, which was designed to explore alternative strategies to support bioenergy including planting of cellulosic feedstock. The Alternative Biomass Production plots included perennials in an extended 6-year rotation, winter cereal rye cover crops in a corn-soybean rotation, and an alternative Sorghum-Sudan grass hybrid forage system, all of which have and will continue to be monitored for agronomic and soil properties.

This dataset contains all data and code necessary to reproduce the analysis described under the heading "Experiment 3" in the manuscript: Taliercio, E., Eickholt, D., Read, Q. D., Carter, T., Waldeck, N., & Fallen, B. (2023). Parental choice and seed size impact the uprightness of progeny from interspecific Glycine hybridizations. Crop Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.21015 The attached files are: G_max_G_soja_seedweight_seedcolor_analysis.Rmd: RMarkdown notebook containing all analysis code. The CSV data files should be placed in a subdirectory called data within the working directory from which the notebook is rendered. G_max_G_soja_seedweight_seedcolor_analysis.html: Rendered HTML output from RMarkdown notebook, including figures, tables, and explanatory text. counts_seedwt.csv: CSV file containing the number of progeny selected and average 100-seed weight data for each combination of cross, size class, and replicate. Columns are: F3_location: text identifier of F3 nursery location, either "CLA" or "FF" plot: numeric ID of plot pop: numeric ID of population max: name of G. max parent soja: name of G. soja parent F2_location: text identifier of F2 nursery location, either "Caswell" or "Hugo" n_planted: number of seeds planted (raw) n_selected: number of progeny selected size_ordered: seed size class, to be converted to an ordered factor size_combined: seed size class aggregated to fewer unique levels ave_100sw: average 100-seed weight for the given size class n_planted_trials: number of seeds planted rounded to nearest integer seedcolor.csv: CSV file with additional data on number of seeds of each color by population. Columns are: cross: text identifier of cross line: text identifier of line light: number of light seeds mid: number of mid-green seeds brown: number of brown seeds dark: number of dark or black seeds population: identifier of population type (F2 derived or selected) max: name of G. max parent n_total: sum of the light, mid, brown, and dark columns soja: name of G. soja parent The data processing and analysis pipeline in the RMarkdown notebook includes: Importing the data (slightly cleaned version is provided) Creating boxplots of proportion selected by cross, nursery location, and size class Fitting logistic GLMM to estimate the probability of selection as a function of parent, 100-seed weight, and their interactions Extracting and plotting random effect estimates from model Calculating and plotting estimated marginal means from model Taking contrasts between pairs of estimated marginal means and trends Calculating Bayes Factors associated with the contrasts Generating figures and tables for all above results Additional seed color analysis: importing data (slightly cleaned version is provided) Additional seed color analysis: drawing exploratory bar plot Additional seed color analysis: fitting multinomial GLM modeling the proportion of seeds with each color as a function of population Additional seed color analysis: generating expected value predictions from GLM and taking contrasts Additional seed color analysis: creating figures and tables for model results This research was funded by CRIS 6070-21220-069-00D, United Soybean Board Project # 2333-203-0101, and falls under National Program NP301.

Insects Two different populations of Prostephanus truncatus were used in the bioassays, one originated from the invaded range in Ghana, and the other from the native range in Mexico. Both populations were maintained in the Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology (LEAZ), at the Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece, on whole maize kernels, at 26°C and 55% relative humidity (RH) and continuous darkness. European Maize Hybrids Three different maize hybrids (“PICO”, “HAMILTON”, and “AGN 672”) were obtained from American Genetics SA, Sindos, Greece. All hybrids were cultivated at Serres, in northern Greece according to the local farming practices. The hybrid “PICO” has a great production potential and it is adapted to multiple soil types and can produce high-weight grain. The hybrid “HAMILTON” is a dual-purpose hybrid, that has excellent early vigor and it is tolerant to fungi, and the hybrid “AGN 672” has excellent early vigor and it is also tolerant to fungi. Population Growth on Different Maize Hybrids Three different maize hybrids (PICO, Hamilton, and AGN 672) were used for experimentation. These hybrids were untreated and uninfested, and kept at ambient conditions until the beginning of the experiments. Before proceeding with the bioassays, grain moisture content (M.C.) was assessed, using a moisture meter (mini-GAC plus, Dickey-John Europe S.A.S., Colombes, France). Standardized plastic vials as in prior work (Quellhorst et al. 2023; Lampiri et al. 2022) were used here (3 cm in diameter, 8 cm in height). Vials were then filled with 20 g of one of the three maize hybrids with lids added after. The commodity was weighed with a Precisa XB3200D compact balance (Alpha Analytical Instruments, Gerakas, Greece). The upper rings of the vials were treated with Fluon (Northern Products Inc., Woonsocket, USA) to prevent insects from moving away from the grain and/or escaping. The top of each vial also had small holes punched to allow ventilation. Each vial then received 10 P. truncatus adults of mixed sex and age from one of two different strains. Two different populations of P. truncatus were used as mentioned above. The vials were placed inside incubators set at 30°C and 65% R.H. in continuous darkness. The vials were removed from the incubators after 45 d and adult progeny production was recorded. We also recorded the weight of frass, the number of insect-damaged kernels (IDK), and the total weight of the kernels within each vial. For each combination, i.e. hybrid × strain, there were n = 9 replicates.