Catchment area for each Melbourne Water drain. Captured using available contours and drainage network information. This layer has two intended purposes: To enable the identification of the receiving Melbourne Water waterway/drain for any property, area or point. To provide a framework of catchments for hydrologic modelling that can be further divided or amalgamated to suit the needs of the modeller.NOTE: Whilst every effort has been taken in collecting, validating and providing the attached data, Melbourne Water Corporation makes no representations or guarantees as to the accuracy or completeness of this data. Any person or group that uses this data does so at its own risk and should make their own assessment and investigations as to the suitability and/or application of the data. Melbourne Water Corporation shall not be liable in any way to any person or group for loss of any kind including damages, costs, interest, loss of profits or special loss or damage, arising from any use, error, inaccuracy, incompleteness or other defect in this data.

CLImate GENerator (CLIGEN) is a stochastic weather generator that produces weather time series for soil erosion modeling and various other applications. The generated time series are statistically similar to observed long-term time series. This gridded CLIGEN parameterization with 0.25° spatial resolution complements existing global coverages by filling in remaining gaps that existed in the northern hemisphere (see the map layer *.kmz file with all grid point locations). The coverage is largely represented by Canada, Europe, and Russia and encompasses countries north of ~40°N with no previous known coverage. The CLIGEN inputs may be used to generate daily precipitation, temperature, dewpoint, solar radiation, and wind time series, as well as sub-daily precipitation patterns. The gridded parameterization allows CLIGEN time series to be generated at any point the grid. In particular, the dataset can provide climate drivers for climate-related research in ungauged areas where observed climate records are unavailable. The data are formatted as CLIGEN *.par files, which are the only required input for CLIGEN. The files are contained in the "Grid Files" download with n=114,150 files corresponding to the total number of grid points. The files are labeled according to grid point lat/lon coordinates (WGS84) in decimal degrees. The labeling convention uses 'N' and 'E' (north, east) to represent coordinates with a positive sign and 'S' and 'W' (south, west) to represent coordinates with a negative sign.

This map service represents modeled streamflow metrics from the mid-century time period (2030-2059) in the United States. In addition to standard NHD attributes, the streamflow datasets include metrics on mean daily flow (annual and seasonal), flood levels associated with 1.5-year, 10-year, and 25-year floods; annual and decadal minimum weekly flows and date of minimum weekly flow, center of flow mass date; baseflow index, and average number of winter floods. These files and additional information are available on the project website, https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/modeled_stream_flow_metrics.shtml. Streams without flow metrics (null values) were removed from this dataset to improve display speed; to see all stream lines, use an NHD flowline dataset.Hydro flow metrics data can be downloaded from here.

This map service represents modeled streamflow metrics from the end-of-century time period (2070-2099) in the United States. In addition to standard NHD attributes, the streamflow datasets include \nmetrics on mean daily flow (annual and seasonal), flood levels \nassociated with 1.5-year, 10-year, and 25-year floods; annual and \ndecadal minimum weekly flows and date of minimum weekly flow, center of \nflow mass date; baseflow index, and average number of winter floods. These files and additional information are available on the project website, https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/modeled_stream_flow_metrics.shtml. Streams without flow metrics (null values) were removed from this dataset to improve display speed; to see all stream lines, use an NHD flowline dataset.Hydro flow metrics data can be downloaded from here.

This map service represents the absolute change in modeled streamflow metrics between the historical (1977-2006) and mid-century (2030-2059) time periods in the United States. In addition to standard NHD attributes, the streamflow datasets include metrics on mean daily flow (annual and seasonal), flood levels associated with 1.5-year, 10-year, and 25-year floods; annual and decadal minimum weekly flows and date of minimum weekly flow, center of flow mass date; baseflow index, and average number of winter floods.�These files and additional information are available on the project website,�https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/modeled_stream_flow_metrics.shtml. Streams without flow metrics (null values) were removed from this dataset to improve display speed; to see all stream lines, use an NHD flowline dataset.Hydro flow metrics data can be downloaded from�here.

This map service represents the absolute change in modeled streamflow metrics between the historical (1977-2006) and end-of-century (2070-2099) time periods in the United States. In addition to standard NHD attributes, the streamflow datasets include metrics on mean daily flow (annual and seasonal), flood levels associated with 1.5-year, 10-year, and 25-year floods; annual and decadal minimum weekly flows and date of minimum weekly flow, center of flow mass date; baseflow index, and average number of winter floods.�These files and additional information are available on the project website,�https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/modeled_stream_flow_metrics.shtml. Streams without flow metrics (null values) were removed from this dataset to improve display speed; to see all stream lines, use an NHD flowline dataset.Hydro flow metrics data can be downloaded from�here.

This map service represents modeled streamflow metrics from the historical time period (1977-2006) in the United States. In addition to standard NHD attributes, the streamflow datasets include metrics on mean daily flow (annual and seasonal), flood levels associated with 1.5-year, 10-year, and 25-year floods; annual and decadal minimum weekly flows and date of minimum weekly flow, center of flow mass date; baseflow index, and average number of winter floods.�These files and additional information are available on the project� website,�https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/modeled_stream_flow_metrics.shtml. Streams without flow metrics (null values) were removed from this dataset to improve display speed; to see all stream lines, use an NHD flowline dataset.Hydro flow metrics data can be downloaded from�here.

This map service represents the percent change in modeled streamflow metrics between the historical (1977-2006) and mid-century (2030-2059) time periods in the United States. In addition to standard NHD attributes, the streamflow datasets include metrics on mean daily flow (annual and seasonal), flood levels associated with 1.5-year, 10-year, and 25-year floods; annual and decadal minimum weekly flows and date of minimum weekly flow, center of flow mass date; baseflow index, and average number of winter floods.�These files and additional information are available on the project website,�https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/modeled_stream_flow_metrics.shtml. Streams without flow metrics (null values) were removed from this dataset to improve display speed; to see all stream lines, use an NHD flowline dataset.Hydro flow metrics data can be downloaded from�here.

This map service represents the percent change in modeled streamflow metrics between the historical (1977-2006) and end-of-century (2070-2099) time periods in the western United States. In addition to standard NHD attributes, the streamflow datasets include metrics on mean daily flow (annual and seasonal), flood levels associated with 1.5-year, 10-year, and 25-year floods; annual and decadal minimum weekly flows and date of minimum weekly flow, center of flow mass date; baseflow index, and average number of winter floods.�These files and additional information are available on the project website,�https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/modeled_stream_flow_metrics.shtml. Streams without flow metrics (null values) were removed from this dataset to improve display speed; to see all stream lines, use an NHD flowline dataset.Hydro flow metrics data can be downloaded from�here.

The MANAGE (Measured Annual Nutrient loads from AGricultural Environments) database was developed to be a readily-accessible, easily-queried database of site characteristic and field-scale nutrient export data (Harmel et al., 2006). Initial funding for MANAGE was provided by USDA-ARS to support the USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) and the Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board as part of their mission to understand and mitigate agricultural impacts on water quality. The original version of MANAGE, which drew heavily from an early 1980’s compilation of nutrient export data (Reckhow et al., 1980; Beaulac, 1980; Beaulac and Reckhow, 1982), created an electronic database with nutrient load data and corresponding site characteristics from 40 studies on agricultural (cultivated and pasture/range) land uses. The first revision in 2008 added N and P load data from 15 additional studies along with N and P runoff concentration data for all 55 studies (Harmel et al., 2008). The second revision in 2016 added 30 runoff studies from forested land uses, 91 drainage water quality studies from drained land, and 12 additional runoff studies from cultivated and pasture/range (Christianson and Harmel, 2015; Harmel et al., 2016). In this expansion, fertilizer application timing, crop yield, and N and P uptake data were added to facilitate analysis of 4R Nutrient Stewardship. The latest revision (Harmel et al., 2022) added 27 studies and Level II ecoregion delineations for each of the 94 studies such that data are now available from 11 of the 50 North American Level II ecoregions, representing the major U.S. agricultural regions. With these updates, MANAGE contains data from a vast majority of published peer-reviewed N and P export studies on homogeneous cultivated, pasture/range, and forested land uses in the US under natural rainfall-runoff conditions, as well as artificially drained agricultural land. Thus MANAGE facilitates expanded spatial analyses and improved understanding of regional differences, management practice effectiveness, and impacts of land use conversions and management techniques, and it provides valuable data for modeling and decision-making related to agricultural runoff. The Manage Database v5 04-04-2018 zip file resource superseded the previously available v4 and was added to this record on May 30, 2018. Resource MANAGE Database v6 added Nov 17, 2022.

Die Links in diesem Abschnitt führen zu den auf www.pangaea.de veröffentlichten Daten von Hydrologie und Meteorologie der Messstelle Vernagtbach. Die Messstelle wird von der Kommission für Erdmessung und Glaziologie der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in München betrieben.

Die Links in diesem Abschnitt führen zu den auf www.pangaea.de veröffentlichten Daten von Hydrologie und Meteorologie der Messstelle Vernagtbach. Die Messstelle wird von der Kommission für Erdmessung und Glaziologie der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in München betrieben.

RETC is a computer program which may be used to analyze the soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions of unsaturated soils. These hydraulic properties are key parameters in any quantitative description of water flow into and through the unsaturated zone of soils. The program uses the parametric models of Brooks-Corey and van Genuchten to represent the soil water retention curve, and the theoretical pore-size distribution models of Mualem and Burdine to predict the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function from observed soil water retention data. The program comes with a manual which gives a detailed discussion of the different analytical expressions used for quantifying the soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions. A brief review is also given of the nonlinear least-squares parameter optimization method used for estimating the unknown coefficients in the hydraulic models. The RETC program may be used to predict the hydraulic conductivity from observed soil water retention data assuming that one observed conductivity value (not necessarily at saturation) is available. The program also permits one to fit analytical functions simultaneously to observed water retention and hydraulic conductivity data. Several examples are presented to illustrate a variety of program options. The program comes with a user manual giving detailed information about the computer program along with instructions for data input preparation and listings of sample input and output files. A listing of the source code is also provided.

Mathematical models have become increasingly popular in both research and management problems involving flow and transport processes in the subsurface. The unsaturated hydraulic functions are key input data in numerical models of vadose zone processes. These functions may be either measured directly or estimated indirectly through prediction from more easily measured data based using quasi-empirical models. Rosetta V1.0 is a Windows 95/98 program to estimate unsaturated hydraulic properties from surrogate soil data such as soil texture data and bulk density. Models of this type are called pedotransfer functions (PTFs) since they translate basic soil data into hydraulic properties. Rosetta can be used to estimate the following properties: Water retention parameters according to van Genuchten (1980) Saturated hydraulic conductivity Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity parameters according to van Genuchten (1980) and Mualem (1976) Detailed description of the hydraulic functions Rosetta offers five PTFs that allow prediction of the hydraulic properties with limited or more extended sets of input data. This hierarchical approach is of a great practical value because it permits optimal use of available input data. The models use the following hierarchical sequence of input data Soil textural class Sand, silt and clay percentages Sand, silt and clay percentages and bulk density Sand, silt and clay percentages, bulk density and a water retention point at 330 cm (33 kPa). Sand, silt and clay percentages, bulk density and water retention points at 330 and 15000 cm (33 and 1500 kPa) The first model is based on a lookup table that provides class average hydraulic parameters for each USDA soil textural class. The other four models are based on neural network analyses and provide more accurate predictions when more input variables are used. In addition to the hierarchical approach, we also offer a model that allows prediction of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity parameters from fitted van Genuchten (1980) retention parameters (Schaap and Leij, 1999). This model is also used in the hierarchical approach such that it automatically uses the predicted retention parameters as input, instead of measured (fitted) retention parameters. All estimated hydraulic parameters are accompanied by uncertainty estimates that permit an assessment of the reliability of Rosetta's predictions. These uncertainty estimates were generated by combining the neural networks with the bootstrap method (see Schaap and Leij (1998) and Schaap et al. (1999) for more information).

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The core of the 1997 experiment involves the deployment of the L-band Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) for daily mapping of surface soil moisture. The region selected for investigation is the best instrumented site for surface soil moisture, hydrology and meteorology in the world. This includes the USDA/ARS Little Washita Watershed, the USDA/ARS facility at El Reno, Oklahoma, the ARM/CART central facility, as well as the Oklahoma Mesonet. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1995-10-01 00:00:00, End datetime: 2001-03-31 23:59:59. The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) Soil Particle Size Data Set is one of the various sub-surface data sets developed for the ARM/GCIP (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment ?GEWEX? Continental-scale International Project) 1996 Near-Surface Observation (NESOB-96) Data Set. This data set contains tables of the laboratory data for each soil layer at each of the ARM SWATS (Soil Water and Temperature System) sites at the SGP site. The soil characterizations were perfomed by Oklahoma State University.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The core of the 1997 experiment involves the deployment of the L-band Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) for daily mapping of surface soil moisture. The region selected for investigation is the best instrumented site for surface soil moisture, hydrology and meteorology in the world. This includes the USDA/ARS Little Washita Watershed, the USDA/ARS facility at El Reno, Oklahoma, the ARM/CART central facility, as well as the Oklahoma Mesonet. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1995-10-01 00:00:00, End datetime: 2001-03-31 23:59:59. The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) Soil Texture Data Set is one of the various sub-surface data sets developed for the ARM/GCIP (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-scale International Project) 1996 Near-Surface Observation (NESOB-96) Data Set. This data set contains a summary table of the percentages of sand, silt, and clay fractions in each soil layer at each of the ARM SWATS (Soil Water and Temperature System) sites at the SGP site. Also included is the corresponding USDA texture class as determined from the "soil triangle". The soil characterizations were perfomed by Oklahoma State University.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The core of the 1997 experiment involves the deployment of the L-band Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) for daily mapping of surface soil moisture. The region selected for investigation is the best instrumented site for surface soil moisture, hydrology and meteorology in the world. This includes the USDA/ARS Little Washita Watershed, the USDA/ARS facility at El Reno, Oklahoma, the ARM/CART central facility, as well as the Oklahoma Mesonet. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1995-10-01 00:00:00, End datetime: 2001-03-31 23:59:59. The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) Soil Water Retention Data Set is one of the various sub-surface data sets developed for the ARM/GCIP (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-scale International Project) 1996 Near-Surface Observation (NESOB-96) Data Set. This data set contains a table for each of the ARM SWATS (Soil Water and Temperature System) sites at the SGP site containing the observed soil water retention data as obtained from laboratory tests using pressure plates and hanging columns. The soil characterizations were perfomed by Oklahoma State University.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-scale International Project (GCIP) Enhanced Observing Period (EOP) takes place in the Mississippi River basin, which provides a number of watershed areas that are potentially useful for hydrologic focused studies. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1996-05-01 00:00:00, End datetime: 2001-12-31 23:59:59. This dataset contains the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) 4 KM GRIB radar estimate (no bias removal) "RAD" data. A prototype, real-time, hourly, multi-sensor National Preciptation Analysis (NPA) has been developed at NCEP in cooperation with the Office of Hydrology (OH). This analysis merges two data sources that are currently being collected in real-time by OH and NCEP. Hourly digital precipitation (HDP) radar estimates are created by the WSR-88D Radar Product Generator on a 131 X 131 4-km grid centered over each radar site. Data analysis routines, including a bias correction of the radar estimates using rain gage data, have been adapted by NCEP on a national 4-km grid from algorithms developed by OH and executed regionally at NWS River Forecast Centers (RFC). This dataset only contains the NCEP 4 KM GRIB Data hourly, 6-hourly, and daily radar estimate (no bias removal). 6-hourly data are generally available at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z. Daily data are generally available at 12Z. Depending on the time period selected, all three datasets may or may not be available. Other NCEP 4 KM GRIB Data including gage-only analysis, multi-sensor analysis (gage and unbiased radar), radar estimate after bias removal, and gage-only analysis using 24h accumulated ("RFC") data are available as independent datasets. Depending on the time period selected, all five types may or may not be available. Please see GCIP/EOP: Surface NCEP Ancillary Catalogue of Available GCIP Precipitation Data (NCEP/EMC). The format of the files is GRIB. The files are compressed using the UNIX "compress" command and "uncompress" must be used before decoding.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-scale International Project (GCIP) Enhanced Observing Period (EOP) takes place in the Mississippi River basin, which provides a number of watershed areas that are potentially useful for hydrologic focused studies. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1997-04-23 00:00:00, End datetime: 2001-12-31 23:59:59. This dataset contains the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) 4 KM GRIB radar estimate after bias removal ("UBR") data. A prototype, real-time, hourly, multi-sensor National Preciptation Analysis (NPA) has been developed at NCEP in cooperation with the Office of Hydrology (OH). This analysis merges two data sources that are currently being collected in real-time by OH and NCEP. Hourly digital precipitation (HDP) radar estimates are created by the WSR-88D Radar Product Generator on a 131 X 131 4-km grid centered over each radar site. Data analysis routines, including a bias correction of the radar estimates using rain gage data, have been adapted by NCEP on a national 4-km grid from algorithms developed by OH and executed regionally at NWS River Forecast Centers (RFC). This dataset only contains the NCEP 4 KM GRIB Data hourly, 6-hourly, and daily radar estimate after bias removal. 6-hourly data are generally available at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z. Daily data are generally available at 12Z. Depending on the time period selected, all three datasets may or may not be available. Other NCEP 4 KM GRIB Data including gage-only analysis, multi-sensor analysis (gage and unbiased radar), radar estimate (no bias removal), and gage-only analysis using 24h accumulated ("RFC") data are available as independent datasets. Depending on the time period selected, all five types may or may not be available. Please see GCIP/EOP: Surface NCEP Ancillary Catalogue of Available GCIP Precipitation Data (NCEP/EMC). The format of the files is GRIB. The files are compressed using the UNIX "compress" command and "uncompress" must be used before decoding.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near-Surface Observation Data Set (NESOB) 1997 Hourly Surface Composite is composed of data from several sources (i.e., Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS), Department Of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Surface (ARMSFC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Wind Profiler Network (NPN), High Plains Climate Network (HPCN), National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) DATSAV3, and the NOAA Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD) Little Washita Meteorological site for the ARM/GCIP NESOB 1997 domain. Data from these sources (approximately 100 stations) were merged and quality controlled to form this Surface Composite. This Surface Composite contains data for the ARM/GCIP NESOB 1997 time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998) and for the ARM/GCIP NESOB 1997 domain only. The ARM/GCIP NESOB 1997 domain is approximately 34N to 39N latitude and 94.5W to 100.5W longitude. The ARM/GCIP NESOB 1997 Hourly Surface Composite contains ten metadata parameters and 38 data parameters and flags. The metadata parameters describe the station location and time at which the data were collected. The time of observation is reported both in Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) Nominal and UTC actual time. Days begin at UTC hour 0100 and end at UTC hour 0000 the following day. The data parameters are valid for the reported times. Missing values are reported as 9's in the data field. Several data parameters have an associated Quality Control (QC) Flag Code which is assigned during the Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS) quality control processing; data were never changed, only flagged. When not present in the raw data, the dewpoint is computed using the formula from Bolton (1980). Calculated Sea Level pressure is computed from station pressure, temperature, dewpoint, and station elevation using the formula of Wallace and Hobbs (1977). Specific Humidity values were computed from dew point and station pressure using formulas from Wexler and Wildhack (1963). The squall/gust wind speed data were not quality controlled.

The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Miscellaneous Daily Precipitation Dataset is one of several precipitation datasets provided in the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near-Surface Observation Data Set (NESOB) 1997. This dataset contains all daily precipitation data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) stations. Stations that reported at standard or incremental times are also included in the various NESOB 1997 precipitation composite datasets. The miscellaneous daily precipitation dataset contains data from stations in the NESOB 1997 domain (94.5 W to 100.5W longitude and 34N to 39N latitude) and time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998). These data were not quality controlled by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS). The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Miscellaneous Daily Precipitation Dataset contains fifteen parameters and uses code tables from the Standard Hydrometeorological Exchange Format (SHEF). The fifteen parameters repeat once for each time period, where the time period is nominally daily. The Physical Element code field should always contain a PP indicating that the precipitation data is reported as incremental values. Missing values are not reported. Each precipitation value has an associated observation date and time which are UTC times.

The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Miscellaneous Precipitation Dataset is one of several precipitation datasets provided in the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near-Surface Observation Data Set (NESOB) 1997. This dataset contains all hourly precipitation data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) stations. Stations that reported at standard or incremental times are also included in the various NESOB 1997 precipitation composite datasets. The miscellaneous precipitation dataset contains data from stations in the NESOB 1997 domain (94.5 W to 100.5W longitude and 34N to 39N latitude) and time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998). These data were not quality controlled by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS). The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Miscellaneous Precipitation Dataset contains eight parameters and uses code tables from the Standard Hydrometeorological Exchange Format (SHEF). The eight parameters repeat once for each time period, where the time period is nominally hourly. The Physical Element code field should always contain a PP indicating that the precipitation data is reported as incremental values. Missing values are not reported. Each precipitation value has an associated observation date and time which are UTC times. The algorithms used to form the NCEP Precipitation data are not currently available.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Evaporation Dataset is one of several surface datasets provided for the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near Surface Observation Data Set (NESOB) 1997 project. This dataset was formed by extracting evaporation data from the GCIP/Enhanced Seasonal Observing Period 1997 (GCIP/ESOP-97) NCDC Summary of the Day Co-operative Dataset (TD-3200) for the NESOB 1997 area and time of interest. This NCDC Evaporation Dataset contains data from approximately 14 stations reporting evaporation data for the NESOB 1997 time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998, and in the NESOB 1997 domain (approximately 94.5W to 100.5W longitude and 34N to 39N latitude). The NCDC Evaporation Dataset contains seven metadata parameters and sixteen data parameters and flags. The metadata parameters describe the date, network, station and location at which the data were collected. Data values are valid for the 24 hours preceding the time of observation, and all times are UTC. The evaporation and temperature parameters are not reported when the temperature is below freezing. The data parameters have two associated NCDC Quality Control (QC) Flags. The NCDC Evaporation Dataset hour of observation varies by station. Quality Control for this data was provided by NCDC. No additional QC was performed by University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS) on this dataset.

This 30 minute Net Radiation and Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Composite is one of several surface-layer data sets provided in the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement(ARM)/Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near Surface Observation Data Set - 1997 (NESOB-97). This radiation composite was formed from three data sources: net radiation derived from the Solar and Infrared Radiation Observing System (SIROS) 20 second data of Upwelling and Downwelling Longwave and Shortwave Irradiance; net radiation derived from the Solar Infrared Station (SIRS) 20 second data of Upwelling and Downwelling Longwave and Shortwave Irradiance; and 30 minute data from the GCIP National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD) Little Washita, Oklahoma long term flux monitoring site. This composite was developed by the merging of the computed 30-minute averaged values of Net Radiation as derived by University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS) from the 20-second values provided by ARM for its SIROS and SIRS stations, and the 30-minute averaged values of Incoming/Outgoing PAR and Net Radiation as provided by NOAA/ATDD for its Little Washita station. UCAR/JOSS computed standard deviations for the averaged data when at least 15 observations were available within the 30-minute averaging interval. JOSS did not do any other quality control on the data set. The NESOB-97 Net Radiation and PAR Composite Dataset contains eight metadata parameters and nine data parameters and flags. The metadata parameters describe the date, time, network, station and location at which the data were collected. Data values are valid for the 30 minutes preceeding the time of observation. All times are UTC. The data parameters have an associated QC flag but UCAR/JOSS does not Quality Control the data at the present time. The Quality Control flag is set to "U" for "Unchecked", unless the datum is missing, in which case the flag is set to "M". Note that the SIROS stations were changed over to SIRS in August 1997.

This 30 minute Sensible, Latent and Ground Heat Flux Composite is one of two surface-layer flux data sets provided in the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement(ARM)/Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near Surface Observation Data Set - 1997 (NESOB-97). This Sensible, Latent and Ground Heat Flux composite was formed from three data sources: the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) Clouds and Radiation Testbed (CART) Energy Balance/Bowen Ratio (EBBR) sites, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD) Little Washita Watershed site, and the ARM SGP Eddy Correlation (ECOR) sites. Data from 14 ARM/EBBR stations, 1 NOAA/ATDD station, and 8 ARM/ECOR stations were merged to form this composite. The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS) did not do any quality control on the data set. Heat flux sensors consist of a differential temperature sensor which measures heat flow. Heat flux is a vector quantity of energy flowing through a 1 meter square surface in one second. Sensible heat flux is the transfer of sensible heat between the surface and the air, or vice versa. Latent heat flux is the transfer of latent heat (heat released or absorbed by water) between the surface and the air, or vice versa. Ground, or soil, heat flux is the transfer of sensible heat in the soil, either toward the surface or away from the surface. The Little Washita site records only 1 soil heat flux value. The EBBR sites record soil heat flux values from 5 different sensors. The ARM soil sensors are located in a half-circle approximately 2 meters in diameter under the net radiometer, which extends to the south about 1 meter from the EBBR frame. The soil conditions at the EBBR sites are varied from very sandy soil to very clay-laden soil. However, all of the sensors for one particular EBBR site are in the same soil type. Information on the soil characteristics at each of the ARM Soil Water and Temperature System (SWATS) sites (which are located nearby the ARM EBBR sites) is available as part of the ARM/GCIP NESOB-97. (These include the "Organic Carbon and Matter", "Soil Texture", "Parameters for Soil Water Retention Models", "Bulk Density", Particle Size", and "Soil Water Retention" data sets). The EBBR sites also record Bowen Ratio, home_15 and home_30 values, as well, whereas the Little Washita site does not. Since this is a composite data set, only the first 3 fields of data from the Little Washita site will have values, while the rest of the parameters on a line will always be missing. Missing values are -999.99999. (NOAA)/Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD) Little Washita, Oklahoma long term flux monitoring site. This composite was developed by the merging of the computed 30-minute averaged values of Net Radiation as derived by University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS) from the 20-second values provided by ARM for its SIROS and SIRS stations, and the 30-minute averaged values of Incoming/Outgoing PAR and Net Radiation as provided by NOAA/ATDD for its Little Washita station. UCAR/JOSS computed standard deviations for the averaged data when at least 15 observations were available within the 30-minute averaging interval. JOSS did not do any other quality control on the data set. The NESOB-97 Net Radiation and PAR Composite Dataset contains eight metadata parameters and nine data parameters and flags. The metadata parameters describe the date, time, network, station and location at which the data were collected. Data values are valid for the 30 minutes preceeding the time of observation. All times are UTC. The data parameters have an associated QC flag but UCAR/JOSS does not Quality Control the data at the present time. The Quality Control flag is set to "U" for "Unchecked", unless the datum is missing, in which case the flag is set to "M". Note that the SIROS stations were changed over to SIRS in August 1997.

This 30 minute Shortwave and Longwave Radiation Composite is one of several surface-layer data sets provided in the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement(ARM)/Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near Surface Observation Data Set - 1997 (NESOB-97). This Radiation Composite was formed from five data sources: (1) the 25m ARM/Clouds and Radiation Testbed (CART) Multi-Filter Radiometer (MFR) 20 second data of Upwelling Longwave and Shortwave Irradiance; (2) the Solar and Infrared Radiation Observing System (SIROS) 20 second data of Upwelling and Downwelling Longwave and Shortwave Irradiance, which changed over to (3) the Solar Infrared Station (SIRS) 20 second data of Upwelling and Downwelling Longwave and Shortwave Irradiance; (4) the Broadband Solar Radiation Network (BSRN) 1 minute data of Downwelling Longwave and Shortwave Irradiance; and (5) the High Plains Climate Network (HPCN) hourly Solar Radiation data. This composite was developed by the merging of the 30-minute averaged values of Irradiance as derived by University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS) from the 20-second values provided by ARM for its 25m MFR station and its SIROS and SIRS stations; the 30-minute averaged values of Irradiance as derived by UCAR/JOSS from the 1-minute values provided by ARM for its BSRN station; and the hourly values provided by HPCN. UCAR/JOSS computed standard deviations for the averaged irradiance data when at least 15 observations were available within the 30-minute averaging interval. JOSS did not do any other quality control on the data set. This radiation composite contains data within the NESOB 1997 domain (100.5W to 94.5W longitude and 34N to 39N latitude) and time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998). The ARM/GCIP NESOB-97 Shortwave and Longwave Radiation Composite Dataset contains eight metadata parameters and twelve data parameters and flags. The metadata parameters describe the date, time, network, station and location at which the data were collected. Data values are valid for the 30 minutes preceding the time of observation, and all times are UTC. The data parameters have an associated QC flag but the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS) does not Quality Control the data at the present time. The Quality Control flag is set to "U" for "Unchecked", unless the datum is missing, in which case the flag is set to "M". A few problems occurred with instrumentation during NESOB-97 which affected the quality of the data; explanations of these problems can be found in the dataset documentation.

This 30 minute Skin Temperature Composite is one of several surface-layer data sets provided in the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)/Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near Surface Observation Data Set - 1997 (NESOB-97). This Skin Temperature composite was formed from three data sources: the 10m and 25m ARM/Clouds and Radiation Testbed (CART) Multi-Filter Radiometer (MFR) 20 second data, and 30 minute data from the GCIP National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD) Little Washita, Oklahoma long term flux monitoring site. This composite was developed by the merging of the 30-minute averaged values of skin temperature as provided by NOAA/ATDD for its Little Washita station and the 30-minute averaged values of skin temperature as derived by University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS) from the 20-second values provided by ARM for its 10m and 25m MFR stations. UCAR/JOSS computed standard deviations for the ARM 10m and 25m MFR data when at least 15 observations were available within the 30-minute averaging interval. The ARM/GCIP NESOB-97 Skin Temperature Composite contains 8 metadata parameters and 3 data parameters. The metadata parameters describe the date/time, network, station, and location at which the data were collected. The 3 data parameters repeat once for each 30 minute period from UTC 0000 through UTC 2330. Data reported for a designated 30 minute time represents data collected during the previous 30 minute period. All times are reported in UTC, and skin temperature values are reported in degrees Celsius. Each data value is followed by a Quality Control flag, but UCAR/JOSS does not Quality Control the data at the present time. The Quality Control flag is set to "U" for "Unchecked", unless the datum is missing, in which case the flag is set to "M". Missing values are -999.99. The standard deviation was calculated for the ARM 10m and 25m MFR Skin Temperature values when there were at least 15 measurements in the 30 minute averaging interval. No standard deviations were calculated for the Little Washita data, since it originated in 30 minute frequency.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The Continental-scale International Project (GCIP) Enhanced Observing Period (EOP) takes place in the Mississippi River basin, which provides a number of watershed areas that are potentially useful for hydrologic focused studies. The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Soil Temperature Dataset is one of several surface datasets provided for the Global Energy and Water-Balance Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near Surface Observation Data Set (NESOB) 1997 project. This dataset was formed by extracting soil temperature data from the GCIP/Enhanced Seasonal Observing Period 1997 (GCIP/ESOP-97) NCDC Summary of the Day Co-operative Dataset (TD-3200) for the NESOB 1997 area and time of interest. This NCDC Soil Temperature Dataset contains data from approximately 12 stations reporting soil temperature data for the NESOB 1997 time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998) and in a domain slightly beyond that of NESOB 1997 (approximately 94.5W to 102W longitude and 34N to 39.5N latitude). The NCDC Soil Temperature Dataset contains seven metadata parameters and eighteen data parameters and flags. The metadata parameters describe the date, network, station and location at which the data were collected. Data values are valid for the 24 hours preceding the time of observation, and all times are UTC. Some stations may report soil temperatures at observation time twice a day. Separate records will occur for both observation times.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The Fifteen Minute Precipitation Composite is one of several precipitation datasets provided in the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near-Surface Observation Data Set (NESOB) 1997. This precipitation composite was formed from two data sources (National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Fifteen Minute Precipitation data (TD 3260), and fifteen minute precipitation extracted from the Department Of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Surface (ARMSFC) five minute surface data). Data from these sources were quality controlled and merged to form this precipitation composite. This composite contains data for the NESOB 1997 domain and time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998). The NESOB 1997 domain is approximately 94.5W to 100.5 W longitude and 34N to 39 N latitude. Each 15-minute precipitation incremental value in this dataset was formed by summing the 5-minute precipitation values extracted from the Department Of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Surface (ARMSFC) five minute surface data. The NESOB 1997 Fifteen Minute Precipitation Composite contains seven metadata parameters and three data parameters. The metadata parameters describe the date/time, network, station and location at which the data were collected. The three data parameters repeat once for each fifteen minutes from UTC 0000 through UTC hour 2345. Data reported for a designated 15-minute observation represents data collected during the previous 15-minutes. All times are reported in UTC, and precipitation data values are reported in millimeters.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The GEWEX Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near-Surface Observation Data Set (NESOB) 1997 ARM 5 Minute Surface Composite is composed of data from the Department Of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Surface (ARMSFC) Network within the NESOB 1997 domain. This Surface Composite contains data for the NESOB 1997 time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998) and for the NESOB 1997 area which is approximately 34N to 39N latitude and 94.5W to 100.5W longitude. The DOE ARM Surface (ARMSFC) 5-minute values were derived from ARMSFC 1-minute data. The ARMSFC instrument readouts were every second for all variables except 1 minute for barometric pressure. The detailed descriptions of the algorithms used to produce ARMSFC one minute data are not currently available. When not present in the raw data, the dewpoint is computed using the formula from Bolton (1980). Calculated Sea Level pressure is computed from station pressure, temperature, dewpoint, and station elevation using the formula of Wallace and Hobbs (1977). Specific Humidity values were computed from dew point and station pressure using formulas from Wexler and Wildhack (1963). The NESOB 1997 ARM 5-Minute Surface Composite contains ten metadata parameters and 41 data parameters and flags. The metadata parameters describe the station location and time at which the data were collected. The time of observation is reported both in Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) Nominal and UTC actual time. Days begin at UTC hour 0000 and end at UTC hour 2355. The data parameters are valid for the reported times. Missing values are reported as 9's in the data field.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The ARM Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) cloud height dataset is one of several datasets provided for the GEWEX Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near-Surface Observing Period (NESOB) 1997 project. This dataset contains cloud height data collected using the ARMCART SGP Belfort Laser Ceilometer (BLC) Model 7013C and the ARMCART SGP MicroPulse Lidar (MPL) located at station E13: Lamont Central Facility 1 (CF1). This dataset contains data from these two instruments located within the NESOB 1997 domain (94.5 W to 100.5 W longitude and 34 N to 39 N latitude) for the NESOB 1997 time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998). The data in this dataset were formed by extracting 30 minute cloud height data from 60 second BLC data in netCDF format. A zero for the first cloud layer signifies no clouds detected within the limit of the instrument field of view and range. A cloud ht of zero for the second and third cloud layers indicates an unknown cloud height (i.e. the ceiliometer can't see through lower clouds). These zeros are reported as "0.00000 U" in the data. The ARMCART Belfort Laser Ceilometer data contains eight metadata parameters and eight data parameters and flags. The metadata parameters describe the date, network, station and location at which the data were collected. Data values are collected at the time of observation. All times are UTC.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The NESOB 1997 Daily Precipitation Composite is one of several precipitation datasets provided in the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near-Surface Observation Data Set (NESOB) 1997. This precipitation composite is composed of data from several sources (i.e., National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observers, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and the daily precipitation data extracted from the NESOB 1997 Hourly Precipitation Composite). Data from these sources were quality controlled and merged to form this precipitation composite. After the datasets were merged to form the NESOB 1997 Daily Precipitation Composite, a statistics program was executed to ensure that the quality of the individual datasets had been retained. This composite contains data for the NESOB 1997 domain (approximately 94.5 W to 100.5 W longitude and 34 N to 39 N latitude) and time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998). The NCEP Daily Precipitation dataset was formed by extracting incremental precipitation values. The value reported for any daily observation represents data collected during the previous 24 hours. The Daily Precipitation Composite contains six metadata parameters and four data parameters. The metadata parameters describe the station location and time at which the data were collected. The four data parameters repeat once for each day in the monthly record. Every record has 31 days reported, regardless of the actual number of days in the month. For months with less than 31 days, the extra days are reported as missing (i.e., '-999.99 7 M'). Each 24 hour precipitation value has an associated observation hour. The observation hour is the ending UTC hour for the 24 hour period for which the precipitation value is valid.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The NESOB 1997 Daily Precipitation Composite is one of several precipitation datasets provided in the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) Near-Surface Observation Data Set (NESOB) 1997. This precipitation composite is composed of data from several sources (i.e., National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observers, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), and the daily precipitation data extracted from the NESOB 1997 Hourly Precipitation Composite). Data from these sources were quality controlled and merged to form this precipitation composite. After the datasets were merged to form the NESOB 1997 Daily Precipitation Composite, a statistics program was executed to ensure that the quality of the individual datasets had been retained. This composite contains data for the NESOB 1997 domain (approximately 94.5 W to 100.5 W longitude and 34 N to 39 N latitude) and time period (01 April 1997 through 31 March 1998). The NCEP Daily Precipitation dataset was formed by extracting incremental precipitation values. The value reported for any daily observation represents data collected during the previous 24 hours. The Daily Precipitation Composite contains six metadata parameters and four data parameters. The metadata parameters describe the station location and time at which the data were collected. The four data parameters repeat once for each day in the monthly record. Every record has 31 days reported, regardless of the actual number of days in the month. For months with less than 31 days, the extra days are reported as missing (i.e., '-999.99 7 M'). Each 24 hour precipitation value has an associated observation hour. The observation hour is the ending UTC hour for the 24 hour period for which the precipitation value is valid.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The region selected for investigation is the best instrumented site for surface soil moisture, hydrology and meteorology in the world. This includes the USDA/ARS Little Washita Watershed, the USDA/ARS facility at El Reno, Oklahoma, the ARM/CART central facility, as well as the Oklahoma Mesonet. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1997-06-01 00:00:00, End datetime: 1997-07-31 23:59:59. Using the volume extracted and the dry weight of the soil extracted, the bulk density was computed; the results obtained from sampling the soil surface layer (0-5 cm) bulk density are provided, and files are all ASCII text. This data set was developed by the EOS IDS Team at Penn State for the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP-97) project. The following data coverages are available: DEM, Landcover and Landuse, Gauge Stations, Available Water Capacity, Bulk Density, Depth to Bedrock, Hydrologic Soils Group, Mapunits, Percent Water, Porosity, Rock Fragment Class, Rock Volume, Soil Fractions, and Surface Soil Texture. Note that the data presented in the tables have had the tare weights removed.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The region selected for investigation is the best instrumented site for surface soil moisture, hydrology and meteorology in the world. This includes the USDA/ARS Little Washita Watershed, the USDA/ARS facility at El Reno, Oklahoma, the ARM/CART central facility, as well as the Oklahoma Mesonet. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1997-06-01 00:00:00, End datetime: 1997-07-31 23:59:59. This data set was developed by the EOS IDS Team at Penn State for the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP-97) project. The following data coverages are available: DEM, Landcover and Landuse, Gauge Stations, Available Water Capacity, Bulk Density, Depth to Bedrock, Hydrologic Soils Group, Mapunits, Percent Water, Porosity, Rock Fragment Class, Rock Volume, Soil Fractions, and Surface Soil Texture. Note that the data presented in the tables have had the tare weights removed.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The region selected for investigation is the best instrumented site for surface soil moisture, hydrology and meteorology in the world. This includes the USDA/ARS Little Washita Watershed, the USDA/ARS facility at El Reno, Oklahoma, the ARM/CART central facility, as well as the Oklahoma Mesonet. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1997-06-01 00:00:00, End datetime: 1997-07-31 23:59:59. This data set was developed by the EOS IDS Team at Penn State for the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP-97) project. The following data coverages are available: DEM, Landcover and Landuse, Gauge Stations, Available Water Capacity, Bulk Density, Depth to Bedrock, Hydrologic Soils Group, Mapunits, Percent Water, Porosity, Rock Fragment Class, Rock Volume, Soil Fractions, and Surface Soil Texture. Note that the data presented in the tables have had the tare weights removed.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1997-06-01 00:00:00, End datetime: 1997-07-31 23:59:59. The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program operates a Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at the Central Facility (located near Lamont, in north-central Oklahoma) of its Southern Great Plains site. BSRN provides 1-min observations of direct-beam normal solar irradiance, downwelling hemispheric diffuse solar irradiance, downwelling hemispheric solar irradiance and downwelling hemispheric infrared irradiance.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1997-06-01 00:00:00, End datetime: 1997-07-31 23:59:59. The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program operates a network of 12 Energy Balance Bowen Ration (EBBR) stations at its Southern Great Plains site. EBBR provides 30-min observations of latent and sensible heat flux along with net radiation, atmospheric pressure, bowen ratio, wind speed and direction, and the following parameters at five locations surrounding the sites: soil moisture, soil temperature, soil heat flow, soil heat capacity and soil heat flow at the surface. The Energy Balance Bowen Ratio (EBBR) system is a ground-based system using in situ sensors to estimate the vertical fluxes of sensible and latent heat at the local surface. EBBR systems will be installed at up to 15 grassland locations within the SGP CART Site. Flux estimates are made from observations of net radiation, soil heat flow, and the vertical gradients of temperature and relative humidity; these data are used in the Bowen ratio energy balance technique.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The region selected for investigation is the best instrumented site for surface soil moisture, hydrology and meteorology in the world. This includes the USDA/ARS Little Washita Watershed, the USDA/ARS facility at El Reno, Oklahoma, the ARM/CART central facility, as well as the Oklahoma Mesonet. The High Plains Climate Network (HPCN) dataset is one of various datasets provided for the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) project. This dataset contains HPCN data from 15 stations in the SGP97 domain. This dataset covers the complete SGP97 time period (18 June 1997 through 18 July 1997) and for the SGP97 domain. The SGP97 domain is approximately 97W to 99W longitude and 34.5N to 37N latitude. The HPCN dataset contains different parameters depending upon the reporting station. Each station provides Station Name, State, and Identification Number preceding that station's data within the dataset. Each parameter column has a self explanatory title indicating the data available for that station and parameter units.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The region selected for investigation is the best instrumented site for surface soil moisture, hydrology and meteorology in the world. This includes the USDA/ARS Little Washita Watershed, the USDA/ARS facility at El Reno, Oklahoma, the ARM/CART central facility, as well as the Oklahoma Mesonet. The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Summary of the Day Co-operative Dataset is one of several surface datasets provided for the Southern Great Plains (SGP) 1997 project. This NCDC Co-operative Observer (COOP) dataset contains data from sixty-two stations for the SGP 1997 time period (18 June 1997 through 18 July 1997) and in the SGP 1997 domain (approximately 97W to 99W longitude and 34.5N to 37N latitude). The primary thrust of the cooperative observing program is the recording of 24-hour precipitation amounts, but approximately 55% of the stations also record maximum and minimum temperatures. The observations are for the 24-hour period ending at the time of observation. Observer convenience or special program needs mean that observing times vary from station to station. However, the vast majority of observations are taken near either 7:00 AM or 7:00 PM local time. The NCDC Summary of the Day Co-operative Dataset (TD-3200) contains eight metadata parameters and fifteen data parameters and flags. The metadata parameters describe the date/time, network, station and location at which the data were collected. All times are UTC. Data values are valid for the 24 hours preceding the time of observation.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The region selected for investigation is the best instrumented site for surface soil moisture, hydrology and meteorology in the world. This includes the USDA/ARS Little Washita Watershed, the USDA/ARS facility at El Reno, Oklahoma, the ARM/CART central facility, as well as the Oklahoma Mesonet. The National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) Summary of the Day Co-operative Precipitation Dataset is one of several surface precipitation datasets provided in the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) by UCAR/JOSS. The primary thrust of the cooperative observing program is the recording of 24-hour precipitation amounts. The observations are for the 24-hour period ending at the time of observation. Observer convenience or special program needs mean that observing times vary from station to station. However, the vast majority of observations are taken near either 7:00 AM or 7:00 PM local time. The National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observer Daily Precipitation dataset was formed by extracting the daily incremental precipitation values provided in the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) TD 3200 dataset. The Daily Precipitation data set contains six metadata parameters and four data parameters. The metadata parameters describe the station location and time at which the data were collected. The four data parameters repeat once for each day in the monthly record. Every record has 31 days reported, regardless of the actual number of days in the month. For months with less than 31 days, the extra days are reported as missing (i.e., '-999.99 7 M'). Each 24 hour precipitation value has an associated observation hour. The observation hour is the ending UTC hour for the 24 hour period for which the precipitation value is valid.

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment originated from an interdisciplinary investigation, "Soil Moisture Mapping at Satellite Temporal and Spatial Scales" (PI: Thomas J. Jackson, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD) selected under the NASA Research Announcement 95-MTPE-03. The temporal coverage for this dataset is as follows: Begin datetime: 1997-05-31 00:00:00, End datetime: 1997-08-09 23:59:59. NOAA/ATDD (Tilden Meyers) started operation of a long term flux monitoring site near the Little Washita watershed in Oklahoma in 1996. Half-hourly observations of wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, pressure, incoming global radiation, incoming and outgoing visible radiation, net radiation, ground heat flux, precipitation, wetness, skin temperature, soil temperature (at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 cm), average wind vector speed, kinematic shear stress, streamwise velocity variance, crosswind velocity variance, vertical velocity variance, sensible heat flux, latent energy flux, CO2 flux and soil moisture at 20 cm (started 5 June 1997).

The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) 50 MHz Radar Wind Profiler and Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) Vertical Profiles is one of various data sets provided for the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) project. This data set contains vertical profiles of virtual temperature and wind speed and direction every hour taken at the Central Facility. This data set covers the period from 1 June through 31 July 1997. The SGP97 domain is approximately 97W to 99W longitude and 34.5N to 37N latitude. These data are in their original NetCDF format. The 50-MHz Radar Wind Profiler/RASS (RWP50) measures wind profiles from (nominally) 2 to 12 km and virtual temperature profiles from 2 to 4 km. It operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy into the atmosphere and measuring the strength and frequency of backscattered energy. Virtual temperatures are recovered by transmitting an acoustic signal vertically and measuring the electromagnetic energy scattered from the acoustic wavefront. The propagation speed of the acoustic wave is proportional to the square root of the virtual temperature. The primary quantities measured with the system are the intensity and Doppler frequency of backscattered radiation. The wind speed is determined from the Doppler frequency of energy scattered from refractive index fluctuations (caused primarily by temperature fluctuations) embedded within the atmosphere; the virtual temperature is determined from the Doppler frequency of microwave energy scattered from acoustic energy propagating through the atmosphere. No additional quality control was performed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS).

The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) 50 MHz Radar Wind Profiler and Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) Vertical Profiles is one of various data sets provided for the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) project. This data set contains vertical profiles of virtual temperature and wind speed and direction every hour taken at the Central Facility. This data set covers the period from 1 June through 31 July 1997. The SGP97 domain is approximately 97W to 99W longitude and 34.5N to 37N latitude. These data are in their original NetCDF format. The 50-MHz Radar Wind Profiler/RASS (RWP50) measures wind profiles from (nominally) 2 to 12 km and virtual temperature profiles from 2 to 4 km. It operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy into the atmosphere and measuring the strength and frequency of backscattered energy. Virtual temperatures are recovered by transmitting an acoustic signal vertically and measuring the electromagnetic energy scattered from the acoustic wavefront. The propagation speed of the acoustic wave is proportional to the square root of the virtual temperature. The primary quantities measured with the system are the intensity and Doppler frequency of backscattered radiation. The wind speed is determined from the Doppler frequency of energy scattered from refractive index fluctuations (caused primarily by temperature fluctuations) embedded within the atmosphere; the virtual temperature is determined from the Doppler frequency of microwave energy scattered from acoustic energy propagating through the atmosphere. No additional quality control was performed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS).

The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) 915 MHz Radar Wind Profiler and RASS Data Set is one of the various boundary layer data sets developed for the SGP97 project. This data set contains hourly average profiles of wind speed and direction, u and v wind components (from the Radar Wind Profiler), and virtual temperature (from the RASS [Radio Acoustic Sounding System]). The wind profiles have a vertical resolution of ~60 meters (m) in the low mode and ~200 m in the high mode. The RASS has a vertical resolution of ~100 m. The site is located at the DOE ARM SGP Central Facility near Lamont, Oklahoma. The SGP97 domain is approximately 97W to 99W longitude and 34.5N to 37N latitude. The radar wind profiler/RASS (RWP) measures wind profiles from (nominally) .1 km to 5 km and virtual temperature profiles from .1 km to 1.5 km. It operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy into the atmosphere and measuring the strength and frequency of backscattered energy. Virtual temperatures are recovered by transmitting an acoustic signal vertically and measuring the electromagnetic energy scattered from the acoustic wavefront. The propagation speed of the acoustic wave is proportional to the square root of the virtual temperature. The primary quantities measured with the system are the intensity and Doppler frequency of backscattered radiation. The wind speed is determined from the Doppler frequency of energy scattered from refractive index fluctuations (caused primarily by moisture fluctuations but also by temperature fluctuations) embedded within the atmosphere; the virtual temperature is determined from the Doppler frequency of microwave energy scattered from acoustic energy propagating through the atmosphere. No flags are applied during data ingest of the consensus averaged winds and virtual temperatures. However, a parallel data stream with the ".b2" name field has data flags applied that look at relative values of temps or wind components. Neighboring values in space (height) and time (sequential profiles) are compared with predefined limits (given in the metadata of the NETCDF file). In addition to the unchanged wind component and temperature fields, a field of flags (on or off [1 or 0]) is supplied to "point" at suspect values. These data are in their original NetCDF format. No additional quality control was performed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS).

The Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) 915 MHz Radar Wind Profiler and RASS Data Set is one of the various boundary layer data sets developed for the SGP97 project. This data set contains hourly average profiles of wind speed and direction, u and v wind components (from the Radar Wind Profiler), and virtual temperature (from the RASS [Radio Acoustic Sounding System]). The wind profiles have a vertical resolution of ~60 meters (m) in the low mode and ~200 m in the high mode. The RASS has a vertical resolution of ~100 m. The site is located at the DOE ARM SGP Central Facility near Lamont, Oklahoma. The radar wind profiler/RASS (RWP) measures wind profiles from (nominally) .1 km to 5 km and virtual temperature profiles from .1 km to 1.5 km. It operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy into the atmosphere and measuring the strength and frequency of backscattered energy. Virtual temperatures are recovered by transmitting an acoustic signal vertically and measuring the electromagnetic energy scattered from the acoustic wavefront. The propagation speed of the acoustic wave is proportional to the square root of the virtual temperature. The Primary quantities measured with the system are the intensity and Doppler frequency of backscattered radiation. The wind speed is determined from the Doppler frequency of energy scattered from refractive index fluctuations (caused primarily by moisture fluctuations but also by temperature fluctuations) embedded within the atmosphere; the virtual temperature is determined from the Doppler frequency of microwave energy scattered from acoustic energy propagating through the atmosphere. The 915 MHz radar wind profiler is manufactured by Radian Corp. It consists of a single-phased microstrip antenna array consisting of nine "panels" (most system have only four panels). The antenna is approximately 4 m square and is oriented in a horizontal plane so the "in-phase" beam travels vertically. Other components in the system include four stationary acoustic sources located at the corners of the antenna, a mobile acoustic source, a receiver, an interface module, and a computer for data analysis and processing. No flags are applied during data ingest of the consensus averaged winds and virtual temperatures. However, a parallel data stream with the ".b2" name field has data flags applied that look at relative values of temps or wind components. Neighboring values in space (height) and time (sequential profiles) are compared with predefined limits (given in the metadata of the NETCDF file). In addition to the unchanged wind component and temperature fields, a field of flags (on or off [1 or 0]) is supplied to "point" at suspect values. These data are in their original NetCDF format. No additional quality control was performed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS).

The Co-operative Agency Reservoir dataset is one of various hydrological datasets provided for the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Project. This dataset contains reservoir data from 26 Co-operative Agency stations within the Enhanced Observing Period (EOP) domain and time period. No additional quality control was performed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS). The Co-operative Agency reservoir dataset is provided "as is" in the original format. The Co-operative Agency data is in a non-consistent, ASCII format.

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) Reservoir dataset is one of various hydrological datasets provided for the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) project. This dataset contains reservoir data from stations in SGP97 domain. The data collected at USGS gaging stations consist of records of stage and measurements of discharge of streams or canals, and stage, surface area, and contents of lakes or reservoirs. This dataset contains only the USGS reservoir data. For a lake or reservoir, capacity tables giving the contents for any stage are prepared from stage-area relation curves defined by surveys. The application of the stage to the capacity table gives the contents, from which the daily, monthly, or yearly change in contents is computed. If the stage-capacity curve is subject to changes because of deposition of sediment in the reservoir, periodic resurveys of the reservoir are necessary to define new stage-capacity curves. During the period between reservoir surveys, the computed contents may be increasingly in error due to the gradual accumulation of sediments. For some gaging stations there are periods when no gage-height record is obtained or the recorded gage height is so faulty that it cannot be used to compute daily discharge or contents. This happens when the recorder stops or otherwise fails to operate properly, intakes are plugged, the float is frozen in the well, or for various other reasons. For such periods, the daily contents may be estimated on the basis of operator's log, prior and subsequent records, inflow-outflow studies, and other information. The USGS reservoir data are provided in a single file and are provided "as is" in their original card image format. There are six different types of "cards images" which appear in the USGS reservoir dataset. Each card has a unique format, but the first character of a card image always indicates the card type. Depending upon the card type, the card image may contain metadata and/or data. No additional quality control was performed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR/JOSS).

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) stream flow dataset is one of various datasets provided for the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) project. This dataset contains stream flow data from 997 USGS stations in the SGP97 domain. The data collected at USGS gaging stations consist of records of stage and measurements of discharge of streams or canals, and stage, surface area, and contents of lakes or reservoirs. This dataset contains only the USGS stream flow data. For USGS stream-gaging stations, the daily mean discharge is computed from gage heights and rating tables. These rating tables are prepared from stage-discharge-relation curves and give the discharge for any stage. If the stage-discharge relation for a station is temporarily changed by the presence of aquatic growth or debris on the control, the daily mean discharge is computed by what is basically the shifting-control method. At some USGS gaging stations, acoustic velocity meter (AVM) systems are used to compute discharge. The AVM system measures the stream's velocity at one or more paths in the cross section. Coefficients are developed to relate this path velocity to the mean velocity in the cross section. Cross-sectional area curves are developed to relate stage to cross section area. Discharge is computed by multiplying path velocity by the appropriate stage related coefficient and area. Changing stage, backwater from reservoirs, tributary streams, or other sources, and ice in the winter affect the stage-discharge relation. Special methods, such as using comparable records of discharge for other stations, are then used to compute discharge. If no gage-height record can be obtained from a gaging station due to failed equipment, etc., daily discharge values are estimated using various means. The USGS stream flow dataset contains three metadata parameters and three data parameters. The metadata parameters identify the network, station, and time at which the data was collected. Each record contains one month's data. The three data parameters (stream flow, stage, and hour of observation) are repeated once for each UTC day (0000 to 2300). All records contain data for 31 days regardless of the actual number of days in a month. Months with less than 31 days are padded with missing values (e.g., -999.99). The stream flow values are reported in cubic meters per second and are 24 hour averages. There are no stage values in this dataset, so the stage values are shown as missing. The hour of observation is the beginning UTC hour for the 24 hour period for which the stream flow value is valid. No additional quality control was performed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS).

The data set contains stream water concentrations of herbicides and nutrients for 153 sites in the northern Missouri/southern Iowa region from 1994 to 1995. The data are available in Microsoft Excel 2010 format. Sheet 1 (Metadata) of the file contains supporting information regarding the length of record, site locations, parameters measured, concentrations units, method detection limits, describes the meaning of zero and blank cells, defines the major land resource areas (MLRAs) of the region, and provides a link to the U. S. Geological Survey discharge data. Sheet 2 (Site names and locations) has a list of the site names by MLRA, river system, and site name. It also contains site locations, provided as Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates, drainage areas, and indicates which sites were co-located at U. S. Geological Survey gauge sites. Sheet 3 (Concentration Data) contains data for 15 herbicide and nutrient analytes along with the corresponding site name, river system, and MLRA. Atrazine concentrations in Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed (GCEW) were shown to be among the very highest of any watershed in the United States based on comparisons using the national Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) model and by direct comparison with the 112 watersheds used in the development of WARP. The herbicide data collected in GCEW are documented at plot, field, and watershed scales. This 20-yr-long (1991-2010) effort was augmented with a spatially broad effort within the Central Mississippi River Basin encompassing 12 related claypan watersheds in the Salt River Basin, two cave streams on the fringe of the Central Claypan Areas in the Bonne Femme watershed, and 95 streams in northern Missouri and southern Iowa. The research effort on herbicide transport has highlighted the importance of restrictive soil layers with smectitic mineralogy to the risk of transport vulnerability. Near-surface soil features, such as claypans and argillic horizons, result in greater herbicide transport than soils with high saturated hydraulic conductivities and low smectitic clay content.