In sechs kleinen bis mittelgrossen Fliessgewässern wurden die für aquatische Organismen extrem toxischen Pyrethroid- und Organophosphatinsektizide mittels einer Spezialanalytik bis in den Picogramm pro-Liter Bereich quantifiziert. An fünf der sechs untersuchten Standorte überschritten die gemessenen Insektizidkonzentrationen regelmässig chronische und zum Teil akute Qualitätskriterien und die chronische Mischungsrisiko¬bewertung zeigte während 43-100% des Untersuchungszeitraums hohe Risiken für die Invertebratengemeinschaft an. Werden Pyrethroid- und Organophosphatinsektizide nicht in die Beurteilung der Gewässerqualität miteinbezogen, kann das Gesamtrisiko für aquatische Organismen erheblich unterschätzt werden.

This package contains the supplementary information (SI) of chapter 4 of the dissertation of Frederik T. Weiss with the Dissertation No. ETH 27434 (defended: 24th February, 2021), entitled: "Pesticides in a tropical Costa Rican stream catchment: from monitoring and risk assessment to the identification of possible mitigation options". Generally within this thesis the supplementary information (SI) is divided into three parts (SI A, SI B, SI C). For each chapter, SI A section contains background information/data for the reader with quick and easy access added directly after each main chapter. SI B contains raw data, further processed data for analysis, and figures of processed data presented as Excel files. SI C combines the R scripts with information and commands utilized for the statistical analysis. The abstract of chapter 4 reads as follows: "Finding targeted strategies to mitigate entry of pesticides into surface waters in areas of intense agriculture is challenging. This holds especially true in little studied areas with very distinct topographic characteristics and unconventional field cultivation practices, such as in the tropical Tapezco river catchment in Costa Rica. Within this catchment, areas with steep slopes are used for intense horticultural farming of mainly vegetables. This is exclusively done by a farming practice similar to contour farming, the practice of tilling land with furrows along parallel lines of consistent elevation in order to conserve rainwater and to prevent soil losses by erosion. At the same time, slope-directed paths are implemented to act as drainage system to avoid stagnant water on the fields during heavy rain events, though as well connecting the fields directly with the streams, which enable a fast pesticide transport. Indeed, a significant contamination of streams with pesticides and pesticide transformation products (PPTP) throughout the Tapezco river catchment has been confirmed, leading to considerable toxicological risks to aquatic communities, urgently calling for effective mitigation strategies to reduce PPTP inputs. To identify how PPTP are transported from horticultural areas into streams of the Tapezco river catchment, different PPTP transportation pathways were considered. The first investigated pathway was via handling practices of pesticides by farmers and field workers, where inappropriate handling was proposed to lead to sporadically distributed pesticide inputs unrelated to hydrology. The second studied pathway was surface run-off. Typically, heavy precipitation events are found to be important drivers for the surface-based transport of pesticides into the streams. Thus, such pesticide inputs can be assumed to correlate positively with water levels in the receiving streams. Surface run-off is additionally favored by the slope-directed paths on the fields, which directly connect fields with the streams. Therefore, the influence of prevalent topographical and hydrological variables on PPTP inputs via surface run-offs were studies within this thesis. The third potential investigated input pathway was the leaching of pesticides into the ground from where pesticides can enter streams via exfiltration through river banks. This path would be expected to lead to a constant input that is negatively correlated with water levels. To investigate the role of these pathways in transporting PPTP into the streams, pesticide peaks unrelated to hydrology were identified based on measured environmental concentrations (MEC) of PPTP and compared with water level time series. Survey data about pesticide handling practices were evaluated additionally. Temporal PPTP distributions were investigated during three sampling periods (ΔT1, Δ2a, Δ2b) within 2015 and 2016 and spatial trends were studied at eight sub-catchment (SC) sites. In addition, knowledge on the topography (share of horticultural land, share of forest in the 100 m stream buffer zone, average slopes of the horticultural fields) and hydrology (median water level factors) was considered. These variables were referred to as explanatory variables while 20-, 50- and 80-percentiles of MEC were considered dependent variables. The explanatory and dependent variables were correlated via linear regression modelling for identifying the most important determinants of PPTP transport. There, 20-percentiles represent a scenario with low precipitations, no or low surface run-offs and low PPTP inputs; 50-percentiles a scenario with medium precipitations, resulting in medium surface run-offs and PPTP inputs; and 80-percentiles a scenario with high precipitations, heavy surface run-offs and high PPTP inputs into streams. With a focus on potential mitigation measures achieving the highest effectiveness for reducing risks to aquatic biota, analyses were performed on a sub-set of PPTP that dominated the risks to aquatic organisms, along with three transformation products (TP) to calculate TP/PPTP ratios as a measure of pesticide residence time. The correlation analysis of the PPTP input pathways was again based on eight SC sites. The input of three pesticides were very likely due to inappropriate handling. For five additional pesticides, the input via inappropriate handling seemed probable. Temporal exposure trends were observed by comparing the MEC during the sampling period with reduced precipitation (ΔT1, in 2015) with the MEC detected at periods with normal precipitations (Δ2a, Δ2b, in 2016). In addition, spatial trends were investigated by conducting a cluster analysis with the MEC PPTP data (20-, 50- and 80-percentiles) among the different sites. Particularly the pesticide distributions at SC2 and SC3 were different compared to other sites (SC1, SC4, SC6, SC7 and SC8). However, except for the 20-percentile scenario, the pesticide distribution at SC5 was similar compared to that at SC2 and SC3, forming one sub-cluster. Linear regression models helped to find relationships between two explanatory variables, namely, the share of forest in the buffer zone, and mean slopes of horticultural fields, and the dependent variable, MEC percentiles in streams. For five PPTP, boscalid, diazinon, diuron-desdimethyl, linuron and prometryn + terbutryn the percentile concentrations decreased significantly with increasing share of forest in 100 m river buffer zone considering all scenarios. With regard to the horticultural mean slope, for cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam, the percentile concentrations increased with increasing mean slopes of the horticultural areas for all three scenarios. A high share of forest in the buffer zone worked generally as barrier for input via surface run-off, but not for all PPTP. For the fungicide, carbendazim, increased average slopes did not favor the input into the streams and inputs were low even at sites with horticultural areas with a high mean slope (80 percentile scenario). By analyzing groundwater samples it became apparent that, especially in SC with horticultural fields with low average slopes, a leaching of PPTP into groundwater and further transport into the streams via exfiltration might be possible. Based on this assessment, three avenues for mitigating input of PPTP into the streams could be deduced: to provide training workshops for better handling as well as biobeds for proper disposal; to avoid cultivation of crops in high need insecticides on steep slopes; and to establish forested buffer zones between the fields and the streams."

raw motor activity counts and tissue levels. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Moser, G., Z. Liu, C. Schlosser, T. Spanogle, A. Chandrasekaran, and K. Mcdaniel. Locomotor activity and tissue levels following acute administration of lambda- and gamma-cyhalothrin in rats. TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY. Academic Press Incorporated, Orlando, FL, USA, 313: 97-103, (2016).

## There is [a newer version](https://doi.org/10.25678/0006DM) of this dataset. This package contains the supplementary information (SI) of chapter 2 of the dissertation of Frederik T. Weiss with the Dissertation No. ETH 27434 (defended: 24th February, 2021), entitled: "Pesticides in a tropical Costa Rican stream catchment: from monitoring and risk assessment to the identification of possible mitigation options". Generally within this thesis the supplementary information (SI) is divided into three parts (SI A, SI B, SI C). For each chapter, SI A section contains background information/data for the reader with quick and easy access added directly after each main chapter. SI B contains raw data, further processed data for analysis, and figures of processed data presented as Excel files. SI C combines the R scripts with information and commands utilized for the statistical analysis. The abstract of chapter 2 reads as follows: "For monitoring of pesticides in tropical streams, cost-efficient and easily applicable approaches are needed. Moreover, to capture short pesticide concentration peaks, a time-integrated sampling is preferable to conventional snapshot grab sampling. Passive sampling approaches fulfil these criteria. Therefore, this chapter focusses on the application of three passive sampling devices to monitor 275 pesticides and pesticide transformation products (PPTP) in the horticultural Tapezco river catchment over several months in two consecutive years. Two of the samplers were sorbent-based: reverse phase sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene (SDB) disks and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheets, yielding biweekly integrated averaged PPTP concentrations. The third sampler was a low-cost, non-sorbent-based, water level proportional sampling system (WLPSS), yielding water level-weighted, biweekly integrated PPTP concentrations. The objectives were to (1) test the performance and robustness of these samplers (2) obtain comprehensive quantitative pesticide concentration data and (3) provide recommendations for their field application in future monitoring campaigns. Of the 275 targeted PPTP, 87 polar and semi-polar PPTP were detected with the SDB method and 99 with the WLPSS, of which 77 were found with both systems. In several cases (10 with SDB, 22 with WLPSS), a pesticide was only detected by one of the set-ups; this exclusive detection could be due to the respective substance concentrations being close to or below the method limit of quantification (MLOQ) for the sampler where it was not detected. Despite the different sampling principles for SDB and WLPSS, the same pesticides (carbendazim and flutolanil) were found with the highest median water concentrations (> 100 ng/L) with both samplers. The complementary PDMS system allowed detection of 11 non-polar pesticides. Among these, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and permethrin showed the highest concentrations (> 2 ng/L). Chlorpyrifos was the only pesticide detected with all three sampling techniques. Standard deviations for detected chlorpyrifos concentrations were the highest for SDB sampling, likely due to a lag-phase in sampling across the membrane covering the sampler due to the chemical’s high hydrophobicity. Moreover, derived chlorpyrifos water concentrations were significantly higher using the WLPSS compared to SDB and PDMS sampling. This was also seen for another six pesticides sampled with the WLPSS compared to SDB sampling. Higher concentrations detected via WLPSS can be explained by the ability of the WLPSS to collect pesticide peaks associated with heavy rainfall events and linked to rise of water levels in a more pronounced fashion as compared to the time-integrated sampling manner of the SDB and PDMS samplers. Yet, only a small portion, 15%, of the WLPSS samples collected, could be used to yield water level-weighted, time-integrated concentration (CWLW) data, calling for a need to further optimize and standardize the application of this device. Of the devices tested, the SDB disks were the easiest to apply and the most cost-efficient for short-term monitoring campaigns. The SDB sampling can be conducted in sparsely equipped laboratory facilities, while for the PDMS sheets and the WLPSS, sample preparation and extraction are technically more demanding."