## There is [a newer version](https://doi.org/10.25678/0006CK) of this dataset. This package contains the supplementary information (SI) of chapter 3 of the dissertation of Frederik T. Weiss with the Dissertation No. ETH 27434 (defended: 24th February, 2021), entitled: "Pesticides in a tropical Costa Rican stream catchment: from monitoring and risk assessment to the identification of possible mitigation options". Generally within this thesis the supplementary information (SI) is divided into three parts (SI A, SI B, SI C). For each chapter, SI A section contains background information/data for the reader with quick and easy access added directly after each main chapter. SI B contains raw data, further processed data for analysis, and figures of processed data presented as Excel files. SI C combines the R scripts with information and commands utilized for the statistical analysis. The abstract of chapter 3 reads as follows: "A pesticide monitoring in the Tapezco river catchment region in two subsequent years (2015/2016) revealed that intensive pesticide use leads to contamination of streams. As shown in Chapter 2, 87 pesticide and pesticide transformation products (PPTP), comprising insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and several of their transformation products (TP) were identified by applying sorbent-based passive sampling approaches at the five (2015), respectively eight (2016), sub-catchment (SC) sites. Using these monitoring data as a basis, the first aim of this study was to exploit the measured environmental concentrations (MEC) of the PPTP with regard to their spatio-temporal distribution among the different sampling sites in the Tapezco river catchment. To enable a comparison between the two sampling years, of the 87 detected PPTP, the data set was narrowed down to those which were found in both sampling years, leading to a subset of 62 PPTP. Two MEC-based risk assessment approaches, one relying on Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and the other on the Toxic Units (TU) concept focusing on invertebrates, were used to identify if the PPTP pose health risks to aquatic biota either singly or in mixture. As well, available macroinvertebrate data for four sites (SC1, SC4, SC5 and SC8) was evaluated in view of the indicated water quality, applying the species at risk pesticide (SPEARpesticide), the Costa Rican Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP-CR) Index, and the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Tricoptera (EPT)-taxa richness indices. For the 62 considered PPTP, spatial trends were observed. In more detail, at two connected sites (SC2 and SC3), the average number of PPTP was 2-fold lower compared to the six remaining sites. At all sites, insecticides had the broadest detected spectrum as opposed to the numbers of individual herbicides and fungicides. Conversely, at all sites and periods, fungicides had the highest average %contribution of the average sum-concentration among the individual detected pesticide types. Independent of the risk assessment approach applied, the quality of the water was indicated to be generally poor, pointing at chronic, and even acute effects to be expected for aquatic communities at all sampling sites. Invertebrates were the most affected organism group based on EQS and TU without any apparent time window to recover from pesticide stress during both sampling years. The SPEARpesticide and the BMWP-CR indices both indicated that, despite the continuous pesticide pollution stress at all sites, water quality seemed to be improved at SC5 and reached even a good to regular water quality at the most downstream site (SC8) compared to the other remaining sites (SC1 and SC4) for which macroinvertebrate data was available. The EPT-taxa richness index showed as well an improvement in water quality at SC8. This finding could be due to a larger river stretch upstream to the sampling site with no horticultural land and high share of natural forest. Given that all applied approaches confirmed substantial risks, there is an urgent need for a reduction of pesticides in streams of the Tapezoco catchment to improve the water quality in order to protect aquatic communities in these streams."

The 2018 Irrigation and Water Management Survey (formerly called the Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey) is a follow-on to the 2017 Census of Agriculture by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). This survey provides the only comprehensive information on irrigation activities and water use across American farms, ranches, and horticultural operations. In responding to the survey, producers provide information on topics such as water sources and amount of water used, acres irrigated by type of system, irrigation and yield by crop, and system investments and energy costs. The full reports for the 2003, 2008, 2017, and 2018 surveys are provided in this submission. By following the link to the USDA Census of Irrigation, a specific year can be selected, in which the tables and figures of each report are provided.

## There is [a newer version](https://doi.org/10.25678/0006DM) of this dataset. This package contains the supplementary information (SI) of chapter 2 of the dissertation of Frederik T. Weiss with the Dissertation No. ETH 27434 (defended: 24th February, 2021), entitled: "Pesticides in a tropical Costa Rican stream catchment: from monitoring and risk assessment to the identification of possible mitigation options". Generally within this thesis the supplementary information (SI) is divided into three parts (SI A, SI B, SI C). For each chapter, SI A section contains background information/data for the reader with quick and easy access added directly after each main chapter. SI B contains raw data, further processed data for analysis, and figures of processed data presented as Excel files. SI C combines the R scripts with information and commands utilized for the statistical analysis. The abstract of chapter 2 reads as follows: "For monitoring of pesticides in tropical streams, cost-efficient and easily applicable approaches are needed. Moreover, to capture short pesticide concentration peaks, a time-integrated sampling is preferable to conventional snapshot grab sampling. Passive sampling approaches fulfil these criteria. Therefore, this chapter focusses on the application of three passive sampling devices to monitor 275 pesticides and pesticide transformation products (PPTP) in the horticultural Tapezco river catchment over several months in two consecutive years. Two of the samplers were sorbent-based: reverse phase sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene (SDB) disks and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheets, yielding biweekly integrated averaged PPTP concentrations. The third sampler was a low-cost, non-sorbent-based, water level proportional sampling system (WLPSS), yielding water level-weighted, biweekly integrated PPTP concentrations. The objectives were to (1) test the performance and robustness of these samplers (2) obtain comprehensive quantitative pesticide concentration data and (3) provide recommendations for their field application in future monitoring campaigns. Of the 275 targeted PPTP, 87 polar and semi-polar PPTP were detected with the SDB method and 99 with the WLPSS, of which 77 were found with both systems. In several cases (10 with SDB, 22 with WLPSS), a pesticide was only detected by one of the set-ups; this exclusive detection could be due to the respective substance concentrations being close to or below the method limit of quantification (MLOQ) for the sampler where it was not detected. Despite the different sampling principles for SDB and WLPSS, the same pesticides (carbendazim and flutolanil) were found with the highest median water concentrations (> 100 ng/L) with both samplers. The complementary PDMS system allowed detection of 11 non-polar pesticides. Among these, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and permethrin showed the highest concentrations (> 2 ng/L). Chlorpyrifos was the only pesticide detected with all three sampling techniques. Standard deviations for detected chlorpyrifos concentrations were the highest for SDB sampling, likely due to a lag-phase in sampling across the membrane covering the sampler due to the chemical’s high hydrophobicity. Moreover, derived chlorpyrifos water concentrations were significantly higher using the WLPSS compared to SDB and PDMS sampling. This was also seen for another six pesticides sampled with the WLPSS compared to SDB sampling. Higher concentrations detected via WLPSS can be explained by the ability of the WLPSS to collect pesticide peaks associated with heavy rainfall events and linked to rise of water levels in a more pronounced fashion as compared to the time-integrated sampling manner of the SDB and PDMS samplers. Yet, only a small portion, 15%, of the WLPSS samples collected, could be used to yield water level-weighted, time-integrated concentration (CWLW) data, calling for a need to further optimize and standardize the application of this device. Of the devices tested, the SDB disks were the easiest to apply and the most cost-efficient for short-term monitoring campaigns. The SDB sampling can be conducted in sparsely equipped laboratory facilities, while for the PDMS sheets and the WLPSS, sample preparation and extraction are technically more demanding."