Alternative Biomass Production Study for Resilient Economic Agricultural Practices in Morris, Minnesota The Tillage Study was established in 1997 to assess the effect of a variety of tillage intensities on soil C. The initial eight treatments included no-tillage, moldboard + disk tillage, chisel tillage, and fall and spring residue management, with or without strip-tillage and strip-tillage + subsoiling (Archer and Reicosky, 2009). In 2004, treatments were reduced to no-tillage, moldboard tillage, and fall and spring residue management without strip-tillage, but all had an early or late planting date. The last comprehensive set of soil samples were collected in 2006. In 2008, the strip-tilled subset of the Tillage Study plots were repurposed for the Alternative Biomass Production Systems study, which was designed to explore alternative strategies to support bioenergy including planting of cellulosic feedstock. The Alternative Biomass Production plots included perennials in an extended 6-year rotation, winter cereal rye cover crops in a corn-soybean rotation, and an alternative Sorghum-Sudan grass hybrid forage system, all of which have and will continue to be monitored for agronomic and soil properties.

Carbon Crops Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network and Resilient Economic Agricultural Practices in Morris, Minnesota The overall goal of the Carbon Crop study, established in 2000, was to assess strategies for increasing soil C sequestration including converting to no till systems and including perennial grasses (e.g., switchgrass and big bluestem) Overall, the goal of the study has remained constant, although individual treatments were changed after an incremental soil sampling, in response to new hypotheses and questions. Soil sampling is conducted as treatment changes are implemented. In 2012, two of the perennial grass systems (spring harvest of Switchgrass and Big Bluestem) were changed to corn/soybean rotations, beginning with a soybean entry point, to determine if the SOC accrued under the perennial system was lost by converting to a short annual rotation managed without tillage. The second change made was to compare the productivity between recent and traditional switchgrass cultivars. The final change was conversion of autumn harvest of Big Bluestem treatment replaced with an annual biomass crop – Sorghum-Sudan grass. Soil samples were taken to 1 m in 2000, 2006, 2011, and 2016. Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide fluxes from the soil were measured from June 2009 through March 2012.

Farming Systems Study for Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement network in Morris, Minnesota Tillage is decreasing globally due to recognized benefits of fuel savings and improved soil health in the absence of disturbance. However, a perceived inability to control weeds effectively and economically hinders no-till adoption in organic production systems in the Upper Midwest, USA. A strip-tillage (ST) strategy was explored as an intermediate approach to reducing fuel use and soil disturbance, and still controlling weeds. An 8-year comparison was made between two tillage approaches, one primarily using ST the other using a combination of conventional plow, disk and chisel tillage [conventional tillage (CT)]. Additionally, two rotation schemes were explored within each tillage system: a 2-year rotation (2y) of corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) with a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop; and a 4-year rotation (4y) of corn, soybean, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) underseeded with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and a second year of alfalfa. These treatments resulted in comparison of four main management systems CT-2y, CT-4y, ST-2y and ST-4y, which also were managed under fertilized and non-fertilized conditions. Yields, whole system productivity (evaluated with potential gross returns), and weed seed densities (first 4 years) were measured. Across years, yields of corn, soybean and wheat were greater by 34% or more under CT than ST but alfalfa yields were the same. Within tillage strategies, corn yields were the same in 2y and 4y rotations, but soybean yields, only under ST, were 29% lower in the fertilized 4y than 2 yr rotation. In the ST-4y system yields of corn and soybean were the same in fertilized and non-fertilized treatments. Over the entire rotation, system productivity was highest in the fertilized CT-2y system, but the same among fertilized ST-4y, and non-fertilized ST-2y, ST-4y, and CT-4y systems. Over the first 4 years, total weed seed density increased comparatively more under ST than CT, and was negatively correlated to corn yields in fertilized CT systems and soybean yields in the fertilized ST-2y system. These results indicated ST compromised productivity, in part due to insufficient weed control, but also due to reduced nutrient availability. ST and diverse rotations may yet be viable options given that overall productivity of fertilized ST-2y and CT-4y systems was within 70% of that in the fertilized CT-2y system. Closing the yield gap between ST and CT would benefit from future research focused on organic weed and nutrient management, particularly for corn.

NHD_MajorAreas are a subset of the largest double banked stream/river polygon features selected from the High Resolution NHD dataset for Washington State. This subset includes only NHDAreas that have an associated NHD_MajorStream. NHD_MajorStreams are classified as those that have GNIS Names that include "River", or have a Stream Order > 7, or have a GNIS Name that includes "Creek" and is longer than 24 km. NHD_MajorAreas have an NHD_MajorStream flowing through it.The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) is a feature-based database that interconnects and uniquely identifies the stream segments or reaches that make up the nation's surface water drainage system. This high-resolution NHD, generally developed at 1: 12,000/1:24,000 scale, adds detail to the original 1:100,000-scale NHD. Local resolution NHD is being developed where partners and data exist. The NHD contains reach codes for networked features, flow direction, names, and centerline representations for areal water bodies. Reaches are also defined on waterbodies and the approximate shorelines of the Great Lakes, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico. The NHD also incorporates the National Spatial Data Infrastructure framework criteria established by the Federal Geographic Data Committee. Updated March 2019

NHD_MajorStreams are a subset of the largest linear stream/river features selected from the High Resolution NHD dataset for Washington State. This subset includes only NHDflowlines that have GNIS Names that include "River", or have a Stream Order > 7, or have a GNIS Name that includes "Creek" and is longer than 24 km. The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) is a feature-based database that interconnects and uniquely identifies the stream segments or reaches that make up the nation's surface water drainage system. This high-resolution NHD, generally developed at 1:12,000/1:24,000 scale, adds detail to the original 1:100,000-scale NHD Local resolution NHD is being developed where partners and data exist. The NHD contains reach codes for networked features, flow direction, names, and centerline representations for areal water bodies. Reaches are also defined on waterbodies and the approximate shorelines of the Great Lakes, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico. The NHD also incorporates the National Spatial Data Infrastructure framework criteria established by the Federal Geographic Data Committee. Updated March 2019

This dataset details the road closures for the Sydney Spring Cycle 2017 on the 15th October 2017

This is a database containing water chemistry of wells and springs in Utah. The data is located at the Utah Geological Survey. This contains data relevant to the Utah FORGE project.